The plague doctor
The Plague Doctor (Medico Della Peste)
After 1350 the culture in Europe had drastically changed to one of bleak morbidity. Art represented this pessimism with representations of death. This darkness was brought about by the prevalence of the black Plague. Nobody knew how to contain or prevent the onslaught of the Black Death and many of the supposed preventions/cures caused more problems. When people believed that cats were in league with 
the devil, this led to cats being killed en masse. If this prejudice had not existed the rodent population would have been kept down by the cats, lessening the spread of plague infested fleas from host to host i.e. rats.
It was during this backdrop that the Medico Della Peste (Plague Doctor) came into play .Many believe The plague doctor was created by the famous French doctor Charles Le Lorme who adopted the mask and costume while treating plague victims. The costume consisted of
· A wide brimmed hat worn close to the head which identified to people that you were a doctor ,much the same as nowadays hats identify different professions e.g.: soldiers, police etc. By the time the plague had taken affirm grip many of the doctors had fled leaving just volunteers to help. The wide brim may also have been used as partial shielding from infection.
· A primitive gas mask in the shape of a bird’s beak. It was common belief that the plague was spread by “bad air” and that the plague doctor mask would draw the plague away from the victim and onto the garment the plague doctor wore. The mask also included red glass eyepieces which protected the wearer from the evil of the plague. The beak was often filled with aromatic herbs to disguise the smell of unburied corpses, sputum and ruptured bouboules on the victims. The herbs also acted to overpower the "bad air" they thought carried the plague.
· A wooden cane, was used both to direct family members to move the patient or examine a body without directly touching them.
· A long black overcoat was worn tucked into the beak mask at the neckline to minimise skin exposure, it fell right down to the foot. The coat was then covered in suet or wax which they thought could draw away the plague from the victim’s skin, trapping it in the suet or repelling it with the wax.
Although at the time people did not know what caused the plague, they still new that coming into contact with the victims increased the risk of contracting the disease.
|
Suggested Preventions And Cures |
How They Were Supposed To Work |
What They Actually Did |
|
Carry flowers or wear a strong perfume |
The smells would ward away the disease |
nothing |
|
Drink hot drinks |
The victim would sweat out the disease |
nothing |
|
Carry a lucky charm |
The charm would ward off the disease |
nothing |
|
Give a strong dose of laxatives |
This would empty the victims bowels ,thus removing the disease |
Strong laxatives can cause death from dehydration |
|
Smoke a pipe of tobacco |
The smoke would ward off the disease |
nothing |
|
Use the leeches to bleed victims |
This would remove infected blood |
Nothing |
|
Coat the victims with mercury and place them in the oven |
The combination would kill off the disease |
Mercury is poisonous and the heat from the oven would cause serious burns |
It is not known how widespread plague doctors were, or how effective their treatment of the disease was, but it is likely that, although offering protection to the wearer, they actually contributed to the spreading of the disease by unknowingly acting as a carrier for infected fleas to move from host to host.
Today the Plague Doctor masks are one of the most morbid but recognisable of the Venetian masks, and are now far more highly decorated.
